/**
 * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
 * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
 * distributed with this work for additional information
 * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
 * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
 * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
 * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */
package org.apache.hadoop.hbase.regionserver.wal;

import static org.apache.hadoop.hbase.wal.AbstractFSWALProvider.WAL_FILE_NAME_DELIMITER;
import static org.apache.hbase.thirdparty.com.google.common.base.Preconditions.checkArgument;
import static org.apache.hbase.thirdparty.com.google.common.base.Preconditions.checkNotNull;

import com.lmax.disruptor.RingBuffer;
import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InterruptedIOException;
import java.lang.management.MemoryType;
import java.net.URLEncoder;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Comparator;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.OptionalLong;
import java.util.Set;
import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentNavigableMap;
import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentSkipListMap;
import java.util.concurrent.CopyOnWriteArrayList;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean;
import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicLong;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;
import org.apache.commons.lang3.mutable.MutableLong;
import org.apache.hadoop.conf.Configuration;
import org.apache.hadoop.fs.FileStatus;
import org.apache.hadoop.fs.FileSystem;
import org.apache.hadoop.fs.Path;
import org.apache.hadoop.fs.PathFilter;
import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.Cell;
import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.HBaseConfiguration;
import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.HConstants;
import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.PrivateCellUtil;
import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.RegionInfo;
import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.exceptions.TimeoutIOException;
import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.io.util.MemorySizeUtil;
import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.ipc.RpcServer;
import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.ipc.ServerCall;
import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.log.HBaseMarkers;
import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.regionserver.HRegion;
import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.regionserver.MultiVersionConcurrencyControl;
import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.trace.TraceUtil;
import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.util.Bytes;
import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.util.CommonFSUtils;
import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.util.EnvironmentEdgeManager;
import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.util.FSUtils;
import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.util.Pair;
import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.wal.AbstractFSWALProvider;
import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.wal.WAL;
import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.wal.WALEdit;
import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.wal.WALFactory;
import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.wal.WALKeyImpl;
import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.wal.WALPrettyPrinter;
import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.wal.WALProvider.WriterBase;
import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.wal.WALSplitter;
import org.apache.hadoop.hdfs.protocol.DatanodeInfo;
import org.apache.hadoop.util.StringUtils;
import org.apache.htrace.core.TraceScope;
import org.apache.yetus.audience.InterfaceAudience;
import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;

import org.apache.hbase.thirdparty.com.google.common.annotations.VisibleForTesting;

/**
 * Implementation of {@link WAL} to go against {@link FileSystem}; i.e. keep WALs in HDFS. Only one
 * WAL is ever being written at a time. When a WAL hits a configured maximum size, it is rolled.
 * This is done internal to the implementation.
 * <p>
 * As data is flushed from the MemStore to other on-disk structures (files sorted by key, hfiles), a
 * WAL becomes obsolete. We can let go of all the log edits/entries for a given HRegion-sequence id.
 * A bunch of work in the below is done keeping account of these region sequence ids -- what is
 * flushed out to hfiles, and what is yet in WAL and in memory only.
 * <p>
 * It is only practical to delete entire files. Thus, we delete an entire on-disk file
 * <code>F</code> when all of the edits in <code>F</code> have a log-sequence-id that's older
 * (smaller) than the most-recent flush.
 * <p>
 * To read an WAL, call
 * {@link WALFactory#createReader(org.apache.hadoop.fs.FileSystem, org.apache.hadoop.fs.Path)}. *
 * <h2>Failure Semantic</h2> If an exception on append or sync, roll the WAL because the current WAL
 * is now a lame duck; any more appends or syncs will fail also with the same original exception. If
 * we have made successful appends to the WAL and we then are unable to sync them, our current
 * semantic is to return error to the client that the appends failed but also to abort the current
 * context, usually the hosting server. We need to replay the WALs. <br>
 * TODO: Change this semantic. A roll of WAL may be sufficient as long as we have flagged client
 * that the append failed. <br>
 * TODO: replication may pick up these last edits though they have been marked as failed append
 * (Need to keep our own file lengths, not rely on HDFS).
 */
@InterfaceAudience.Private
public abstract class AbstractFSWAL<W extends WriterBase> implements WAL {

  private static final Logger LOG = LoggerFactory.getLogger(AbstractFSWAL.class);

  protected static final int DEFAULT_SLOW_SYNC_TIME_MS = 100; // in ms

  private static final int DEFAULT_WAL_SYNC_TIMEOUT_MS = 5 * 60 * 1000; // in ms, 5min

  /**
   * file system instance
   */
  protected final FileSystem fs;

  /**
   * WAL directory, where all WAL files would be placed.
   */
  protected final Path walDir;

  /**
   * dir path where old logs are kept.
   */
  protected final Path walArchiveDir;

  /**
   * Matches just those wal files that belong to this wal instance.
   */
  protected final PathFilter ourFiles;

  /**
   * Prefix of a WAL file, usually the region server name it is hosted on.
   */
  protected final String walFilePrefix;

  /**
   * Suffix included on generated wal file names
   */
  protected final String walFileSuffix;

  /**
   * Prefix used when checking for wal membership.
   */
  protected final String prefixPathStr;

  protected final WALCoprocessorHost coprocessorHost;

  /**
   * conf object
   */
  protected final Configuration conf;

  /** Listeners that are called on WAL events. */
  protected final List<WALActionsListener> listeners = new CopyOnWriteArrayList<>();

  /**
   * Class that does accounting of sequenceids in WAL subsystem. Holds oldest outstanding sequence
   * id as yet not flushed as well as the most recent edit sequence id appended to the WAL. Has
   * facility for answering questions such as "Is it safe to GC a WAL?".
   */
  protected final SequenceIdAccounting sequenceIdAccounting = new SequenceIdAccounting();

  protected final long slowSyncNs;

  private final long walSyncTimeoutNs;

  // If > than this size, roll the log.
  protected final long logrollsize;

  /**
   * Block size to use writing files.
   */
  protected final long blocksize;

  /*
   * If more than this many logs, force flush of oldest region to oldest edit goes to disk. If too
   * many and we crash, then will take forever replaying. Keep the number of logs tidy.
   */
  protected final int maxLogs;

  protected final boolean useHsync;

  /**
   * This lock makes sure only one log roll runs at a time. Should not be taken while any other lock
   * is held. We don't just use synchronized because that results in bogus and tedious findbugs
   * warning when it thinks synchronized controls writer thread safety. It is held when we are
   * actually rolling the log. It is checked when we are looking to see if we should roll the log or
   * not.
   */
  protected final ReentrantLock rollWriterLock = new ReentrantLock(true);

  // The timestamp (in ms) when the log file was created.
  protected final AtomicLong filenum = new AtomicLong(-1);

  // Number of transactions in the current Wal.
  protected final AtomicInteger numEntries = new AtomicInteger(0);

  /**
   * The highest known outstanding unsync'd WALEdit transaction id. Usually, we use a queue to pass
   * WALEdit to background consumer thread, and the transaction id is the sequence number of the
   * corresponding entry in queue.
   */
  protected volatile long highestUnsyncedTxid = -1;

  /**
   * Updated to the transaction id of the last successful sync call. This can be less than
   * {@link #highestUnsyncedTxid} for case where we have an append where a sync has not yet come in
   * for it.
   */
  protected final AtomicLong highestSyncedTxid = new AtomicLong(0);

  /**
   * The total size of wal
   */
  protected final AtomicLong totalLogSize = new AtomicLong(0);
  /**
   * Current log file.
   */
  volatile W writer;

  // Last time to check low replication on hlog's pipeline
  private long lastTimeCheckLowReplication = EnvironmentEdgeManager.currentTime();

  protected volatile boolean closed = false;

  protected final AtomicBoolean shutdown = new AtomicBoolean(false);
  /**
   * WAL Comparator; it compares the timestamp (log filenum), present in the log file name. Throws
   * an IllegalArgumentException if used to compare paths from different wals.
   */
  final Comparator<Path> LOG_NAME_COMPARATOR =
    (o1, o2) -> Long.compare(getFileNumFromFileName(o1), getFileNumFromFileName(o2));

  private static final class WalProps {

    /**
     * Map the encoded region name to the highest sequence id.
     * <p/>Contains all the regions it has an entry for.
     */
    public final Map<byte[], Long> encodedName2HighestSequenceId;

    /**
     * The log file size. Notice that the size may not be accurate if we do asynchronous close in
     * sub classes.
     */
    public final long logSize;

    public WalProps(Map<byte[], Long> encodedName2HighestSequenceId, long logSize) {
      this.encodedName2HighestSequenceId = encodedName2HighestSequenceId;
      this.logSize = logSize;
    }
  }

  /**
   * Map of WAL log file to properties. The map is sorted by the log file creation timestamp
   * (contained in the log file name).
   */
  protected ConcurrentNavigableMap<Path, WalProps> walFile2Props =
    new ConcurrentSkipListMap<>(LOG_NAME_COMPARATOR);

  /**
   * Map of {@link SyncFuture}s owned by Thread objects. Used so we reuse SyncFutures.
   * Thread local is used so JVM can GC the terminated thread for us. See HBASE-21228
   * <p>
   */
  private final ThreadLocal<SyncFuture> cachedSyncFutures;

  /**
   * The class name of the runtime implementation, used as prefix for logging/tracing.
   * <p>
   * Performance testing shows getClass().getSimpleName() might be a bottleneck so we store it here,
   * refer to HBASE-17676 for more details
   * </p>
   */
  protected final String implClassName;

  protected final AtomicBoolean rollRequested = new AtomicBoolean(false);

  public long getFilenum() {
    return this.filenum.get();
  }

  /**
   * A log file has a creation timestamp (in ms) in its file name ({@link #filenum}. This helper
   * method returns the creation timestamp from a given log file. It extracts the timestamp assuming
   * the filename is created with the {@link #computeFilename(long filenum)} method.
   * @return timestamp, as in the log file name.
   */
  protected long getFileNumFromFileName(Path fileName) {
    checkNotNull(fileName, "file name can't be null");
    if (!ourFiles.accept(fileName)) {
      throw new IllegalArgumentException(
          "The log file " + fileName + " doesn't belong to this WAL. (" + toString() + ")");
    }
    final String fileNameString = fileName.toString();
    String chompedPath = fileNameString.substring(prefixPathStr.length(),
      (fileNameString.length() - walFileSuffix.length()));
    return Long.parseLong(chompedPath);
  }

  private int calculateMaxLogFiles(Configuration conf, long logRollSize) {
    Pair<Long, MemoryType> globalMemstoreSize = MemorySizeUtil.getGlobalMemStoreSize(conf);
    return (int) ((globalMemstoreSize.getFirst() * 2) / logRollSize);
  }

  // must be power of 2
  protected final int getPreallocatedEventCount() {
    // Preallocate objects to use on the ring buffer. The way that appends and syncs work, we will
    // be stuck and make no progress if the buffer is filled with appends only and there is no
    // sync. If no sync, then the handlers will be outstanding just waiting on sync completion
    // before they return.
    int preallocatedEventCount =
      this.conf.getInt("hbase.regionserver.wal.disruptor.event.count", 1024 * 16);
    checkArgument(preallocatedEventCount >= 0,
      "hbase.regionserver.wal.disruptor.event.count must > 0");
    int floor = Integer.highestOneBit(preallocatedEventCount);
    if (floor == preallocatedEventCount) {
      return floor;
    }
    // max capacity is 1 << 30
    if (floor >= 1 << 29) {
      return 1 << 30;
    }
    return floor << 1;
  }

  protected AbstractFSWAL(final FileSystem fs, final Path rootDir, final String logDir,
      final String archiveDir, final Configuration conf, final List<WALActionsListener> listeners,
      final boolean failIfWALExists, final String prefix, final String suffix)
      throws FailedLogCloseException, IOException {
    this.fs = fs;
    this.walDir = new Path(rootDir, logDir);
    this.walArchiveDir = new Path(rootDir, archiveDir);
    this.conf = conf;

    if (!fs.exists(walDir) && !fs.mkdirs(walDir)) {
      throw new IOException("Unable to mkdir " + walDir);
    }

    if (!fs.exists(this.walArchiveDir)) {
      if (!fs.mkdirs(this.walArchiveDir)) {
        throw new IOException("Unable to mkdir " + this.walArchiveDir);
      }
    }

    // If prefix is null||empty then just name it wal
    this.walFilePrefix =
      prefix == null || prefix.isEmpty() ? "wal" : URLEncoder.encode(prefix, "UTF8");
    // we only correctly differentiate suffices when numeric ones start with '.'
    if (suffix != null && !(suffix.isEmpty()) && !(suffix.startsWith(WAL_FILE_NAME_DELIMITER))) {
      throw new IllegalArgumentException("WAL suffix must start with '" + WAL_FILE_NAME_DELIMITER +
        "' but instead was '" + suffix + "'");
    }
    // Now that it exists, set the storage policy for the entire directory of wal files related to
    // this FSHLog instance
    String storagePolicy =
        conf.get(HConstants.WAL_STORAGE_POLICY, HConstants.DEFAULT_WAL_STORAGE_POLICY);
    CommonFSUtils.setStoragePolicy(fs, this.walDir, storagePolicy);
    this.walFileSuffix = (suffix == null) ? "" : URLEncoder.encode(suffix, "UTF8");
    this.prefixPathStr = new Path(walDir, walFilePrefix + WAL_FILE_NAME_DELIMITER).toString();

    this.ourFiles = new PathFilter() {
      @Override
      public boolean accept(final Path fileName) {
        // The path should start with dir/<prefix> and end with our suffix
        final String fileNameString = fileName.toString();
        if (!fileNameString.startsWith(prefixPathStr)) {
          return false;
        }
        if (walFileSuffix.isEmpty()) {
          // in the case of the null suffix, we need to ensure the filename ends with a timestamp.
          return org.apache.commons.lang3.StringUtils
              .isNumeric(fileNameString.substring(prefixPathStr.length()));
        } else if (!fileNameString.endsWith(walFileSuffix)) {
          return false;
        }
        return true;
      }
    };

    if (failIfWALExists) {
      final FileStatus[] walFiles = CommonFSUtils.listStatus(fs, walDir, ourFiles);
      if (null != walFiles && 0 != walFiles.length) {
        throw new IOException("Target WAL already exists within directory " + walDir);
      }
    }

    // Register listeners. TODO: Should this exist anymore? We have CPs?
    if (listeners != null) {
      for (WALActionsListener i : listeners) {
        registerWALActionsListener(i);
      }
    }
    this.coprocessorHost = new WALCoprocessorHost(this, conf);

    // Schedule a WAL roll when the WAL is 50% of the HDFS block size. Scheduling at 50% of block
    // size should make it so WAL rolls before we get to the end-of-block (Block transitions cost
    // some latency). In hbase-1 we did this differently. We scheduled a roll when we hit 95% of
    // the block size but experience from the field has it that this was not enough time for the
    // roll to happen before end-of-block. So the new accounting makes WALs of about the same
    // size as those made in hbase-1 (to prevent surprise), we now have default block size as
    // 2 times the DFS default: i.e. 2 * DFS default block size rolling at 50% full will generally
    // make similar size logs to 1 * DFS default block size rolling at 95% full. See HBASE-19148.
    this.blocksize = WALUtil.getWALBlockSize(this.conf, this.fs, this.walDir);
    float multiplier = conf.getFloat("hbase.regionserver.logroll.multiplier", 0.5f);
    this.logrollsize = (long)(this.blocksize * multiplier);
    this.maxLogs = conf.getInt("hbase.regionserver.maxlogs",
      Math.max(32, calculateMaxLogFiles(conf, logrollsize)));

    LOG.info("WAL configuration: blocksize=" + StringUtils.byteDesc(blocksize) + ", rollsize=" +
      StringUtils.byteDesc(this.logrollsize) + ", prefix=" + this.walFilePrefix + ", suffix=" +
      walFileSuffix + ", logDir=" + this.walDir + ", archiveDir=" + this.walArchiveDir);
    this.slowSyncNs = TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS
        .toNanos(conf.getInt("hbase.regionserver.hlog.slowsync.ms", DEFAULT_SLOW_SYNC_TIME_MS));
    this.walSyncTimeoutNs = TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS
        .toNanos(conf.getLong("hbase.regionserver.hlog.sync.timeout", DEFAULT_WAL_SYNC_TIMEOUT_MS));
    this.cachedSyncFutures = new ThreadLocal<SyncFuture>() {
      @Override
      protected SyncFuture initialValue() {
        return new SyncFuture();
      }
    };
    this.implClassName = getClass().getSimpleName();
    this.useHsync = conf.getBoolean(HRegion.WAL_HSYNC_CONF_KEY, HRegion.DEFAULT_WAL_HSYNC);
  }

  /**
   * Used to initialize the WAL. Usually just call rollWriter to create the first log writer.
   */
  public void init() throws IOException {
    rollWriter();
  }

  @Override
  public void registerWALActionsListener(WALActionsListener listener) {
    this.listeners.add(listener);
  }

  @Override
  public boolean unregisterWALActionsListener(WALActionsListener listener) {
    return this.listeners.remove(listener);
  }

  @Override
  public WALCoprocessorHost getCoprocessorHost() {
    return coprocessorHost;
  }

  @Override
  public Long startCacheFlush(byte[] encodedRegionName, Set<byte[]> families) {
    return this.sequenceIdAccounting.startCacheFlush(encodedRegionName, families);
  }

  @Override
  public Long startCacheFlush(byte[] encodedRegionName, Map<byte[], Long> familyToSeq) {
    return this.sequenceIdAccounting.startCacheFlush(encodedRegionName, familyToSeq);
  }

  @Override
  public void completeCacheFlush(byte[] encodedRegionName) {
    this.sequenceIdAccounting.completeCacheFlush(encodedRegionName);
  }

  @Override
  public void abortCacheFlush(byte[] encodedRegionName) {
    this.sequenceIdAccounting.abortCacheFlush(encodedRegionName);
  }

  @Override
  public long getEarliestMemStoreSeqNum(byte[] encodedRegionName) {
    // Used by tests. Deprecated as too subtle for general usage.
    return this.sequenceIdAccounting.getLowestSequenceId(encodedRegionName);
  }

  @Override
  public long getEarliestMemStoreSeqNum(byte[] encodedRegionName, byte[] familyName) {
    // This method is used by tests and for figuring if we should flush or not because our
    // sequenceids are too old. It is also used reporting the master our oldest sequenceid for use
    // figuring what edits can be skipped during log recovery. getEarliestMemStoreSequenceId
    // from this.sequenceIdAccounting is looking first in flushingOldestStoreSequenceIds, the
    // currently flushing sequence ids, and if anything found there, it is returning these. This is
    // the right thing to do for the reporting oldest sequenceids to master; we won't skip edits if
    // we crash during the flush. For figuring what to flush, we might get requeued if our sequence
    // id is old even though we are currently flushing. This may mean we do too much flushing.
    return this.sequenceIdAccounting.getLowestSequenceId(encodedRegionName, familyName);
  }

  @Override
  public byte[][] rollWriter() throws FailedLogCloseException, IOException {
    return rollWriter(false);
  }

  /**
   * This is a convenience method that computes a new filename with a given file-number.
   * @param filenum to use
   * @return Path
   */
  protected Path computeFilename(final long filenum) {
    if (filenum < 0) {
      throw new RuntimeException("WAL file number can't be < 0");
    }
    String child = walFilePrefix + WAL_FILE_NAME_DELIMITER + filenum + walFileSuffix;
    return new Path(walDir, child);
  }

  /**
   * This is a convenience method that computes a new filename with a given using the current WAL
   * file-number
   * @return Path
   */
  public Path getCurrentFileName() {
    return computeFilename(this.filenum.get());
  }

  /**
   * retrieve the next path to use for writing. Increments the internal filenum.
   */
  private Path getNewPath() throws IOException {
    this.filenum.set(System.currentTimeMillis());
    Path newPath = getCurrentFileName();
    while (fs.exists(newPath)) {
      this.filenum.incrementAndGet();
      newPath = getCurrentFileName();
    }
    return newPath;
  }

  @VisibleForTesting
  Path getOldPath() {
    long currentFilenum = this.filenum.get();
    Path oldPath = null;
    if (currentFilenum > 0) {
      // ComputeFilename will take care of meta wal filename
      oldPath = computeFilename(currentFilenum);
    } // I presume if currentFilenum is <= 0, this is first file and null for oldPath if fine?
    return oldPath;
  }

  /**
   * Tell listeners about pre log roll.
   */
  private void tellListenersAboutPreLogRoll(final Path oldPath, final Path newPath)
      throws IOException {
    coprocessorHost.preWALRoll(oldPath, newPath);

    if (!this.listeners.isEmpty()) {
      for (WALActionsListener i : this.listeners) {
        i.preLogRoll(oldPath, newPath);
      }
    }
  }

  /**
   * Tell listeners about post log roll.
   */
  private void tellListenersAboutPostLogRoll(final Path oldPath, final Path newPath)
      throws IOException {
    if (!this.listeners.isEmpty()) {
      for (WALActionsListener i : this.listeners) {
        i.postLogRoll(oldPath, newPath);
      }
    }

    coprocessorHost.postWALRoll(oldPath, newPath);
  }

  // public only until class moves to o.a.h.h.wal
  /** @return the number of rolled log files */
  public int getNumRolledLogFiles() {
    return walFile2Props.size();
  }

  // public only until class moves to o.a.h.h.wal
  /** @return the number of log files in use */
  public int getNumLogFiles() {
    // +1 for current use log
    return getNumRolledLogFiles() + 1;
  }

  /**
   * If the number of un-archived WAL files ('live' WALs) is greater than maximum allowed,
   * check the first (oldest) WAL, and return those regions which should be flushed so that
   * it can be let-go/'archived'.
   * @return regions (encodedRegionNames) to flush in order to archive oldest WAL file.
   */
  byte[][] findRegionsToForceFlush() throws IOException {
    byte[][] regions = null;
    int logCount = getNumRolledLogFiles();
    if (logCount > this.maxLogs && logCount > 0) {
      Map.Entry<Path, WalProps> firstWALEntry = this.walFile2Props.firstEntry();
      regions =
        this.sequenceIdAccounting.findLower(firstWALEntry.getValue().encodedName2HighestSequenceId);
    }
    if (regions != null) {
      StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
      for (int i = 0; i < regions.length; i++) {
        if (i > 0) {
          sb.append(", ");
        }
        sb.append(Bytes.toStringBinary(regions[i]));
      }
      LOG.info("Too many WALs; count=" + logCount + ", max=" + this.maxLogs +
        "; forcing flush of " + regions.length + " regions(s): " + sb.toString());
    }
    return regions;
  }

  /**
   * Archive old logs. A WAL is eligible for archiving if all its WALEdits have been flushed.
   */
  private void cleanOldLogs() throws IOException {
    List<Pair<Path, Long>> logsToArchive = null;
    // For each log file, look at its Map of regions to highest sequence id; if all sequence ids
    // are older than what is currently in memory, the WAL can be GC'd.
    for (Map.Entry<Path, WalProps> e : this.walFile2Props.entrySet()) {
      Path log = e.getKey();
      Map<byte[], Long> sequenceNums = e.getValue().encodedName2HighestSequenceId;
      if (this.sequenceIdAccounting.areAllLower(sequenceNums)) {
        if (logsToArchive == null) {
          logsToArchive = new ArrayList<>();
        }
        logsToArchive.add(Pair.newPair(log, e.getValue().logSize));
        if (LOG.isTraceEnabled()) {
          LOG.trace("WAL file ready for archiving " + log);
        }
      }
    }
    if (logsToArchive != null) {
      for (Pair<Path, Long> logAndSize : logsToArchive) {
        this.totalLogSize.addAndGet(-logAndSize.getSecond());
        archiveLogFile(logAndSize.getFirst());
        this.walFile2Props.remove(logAndSize.getFirst());
      }
    }
  }

  /*
   * only public so WALSplitter can use.
   * @return archived location of a WAL file with the given path p
   */
  public static Path getWALArchivePath(Path archiveDir, Path p) {
    return new Path(archiveDir, p.getName());
  }

  private void archiveLogFile(final Path p) throws IOException {
    Path newPath = getWALArchivePath(this.walArchiveDir, p);
    // Tell our listeners that a log is going to be archived.
    if (!this.listeners.isEmpty()) {
      for (WALActionsListener i : this.listeners) {
        i.preLogArchive(p, newPath);
      }
    }
    LOG.info("Archiving " + p + " to " + newPath);
    if (!CommonFSUtils.renameAndSetModifyTime(this.fs, p, newPath)) {
      throw new IOException("Unable to rename " + p + " to " + newPath);
    }
    // Tell our listeners that a log has been archived.
    if (!this.listeners.isEmpty()) {
      for (WALActionsListener i : this.listeners) {
        i.postLogArchive(p, newPath);
      }
    }
  }

  protected final void logRollAndSetupWalProps(Path oldPath, Path newPath, long oldFileLen) {
    int oldNumEntries = this.numEntries.getAndSet(0);
    String newPathString = newPath != null ? CommonFSUtils.getPath(newPath) : null;
    if (oldPath != null) {
      this.walFile2Props.put(oldPath,
        new WalProps(this.sequenceIdAccounting.resetHighest(), oldFileLen));
      this.totalLogSize.addAndGet(oldFileLen);
      LOG.info("Rolled WAL {} with entries={}, filesize={}; new WAL {}",
        CommonFSUtils.getPath(oldPath), oldNumEntries, StringUtils.byteDesc(oldFileLen),
        newPathString);
    } else {
      LOG.info("New WAL {}", newPathString);
    }
  }

  /**
   * Cleans up current writer closing it and then puts in place the passed in {@code nextWriter}.
   * <p/>
   * <ul>
   * <li>In the case of creating a new WAL, oldPath will be null.</li>
   * <li>In the case of rolling over from one file to the next, none of the parameters will be null.
   * </li>
   * <li>In the case of closing out this FSHLog with no further use newPath and nextWriter will be
   * null.</li>
   * </ul>
   * @param oldPath may be null
   * @param newPath may be null
   * @param nextWriter may be null
   * @return the passed in <code>newPath</code>
   * @throws IOException if there is a problem flushing or closing the underlying FS
   */
  @VisibleForTesting
  Path replaceWriter(Path oldPath, Path newPath, W nextWriter) throws IOException {
    try (TraceScope scope = TraceUtil.createTrace("FSHFile.replaceWriter")) {
      doReplaceWriter(oldPath, newPath, nextWriter);
      return newPath;
    }
  }

  protected final void blockOnSync(SyncFuture syncFuture) throws IOException {
    // Now we have published the ringbuffer, halt the current thread until we get an answer back.
    try {
      if (syncFuture != null) {
        if (closed) {
          throw new IOException("WAL has been closed");
        } else {
          syncFuture.get(walSyncTimeoutNs);
        }
      }
    } catch (TimeoutIOException tioe) {
      // SyncFuture reuse by thread, if TimeoutIOException happens, ringbuffer
      // still refer to it, so if this thread use it next time may get a wrong
      // result.
      this.cachedSyncFutures.remove();
      throw tioe;
    } catch (InterruptedException ie) {
      LOG.warn("Interrupted", ie);
      throw convertInterruptedExceptionToIOException(ie);
    } catch (ExecutionException e) {
      throw ensureIOException(e.getCause());
    }
  }

  private static IOException ensureIOException(final Throwable t) {
    return (t instanceof IOException) ? (IOException) t : new IOException(t);
  }

  private IOException convertInterruptedExceptionToIOException(final InterruptedException ie) {
    Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
    IOException ioe = new InterruptedIOException();
    ioe.initCause(ie);
    return ioe;
  }

  @Override
  public byte[][] rollWriter(boolean force) throws FailedLogCloseException, IOException {
    rollWriterLock.lock();
    try {
      // Return if nothing to flush.
      if (!force && this.writer != null && this.numEntries.get() <= 0) {
        return null;
      }
      byte[][] regionsToFlush = null;
      if (this.closed) {
        LOG.debug("WAL closed. Skipping rolling of writer");
        return regionsToFlush;
      }
      try (TraceScope scope = TraceUtil.createTrace("FSHLog.rollWriter")) {
        Path oldPath = getOldPath();
        Path newPath = getNewPath();
        // Any exception from here on is catastrophic, non-recoverable so we currently abort.
        W nextWriter = this.createWriterInstance(newPath);
        tellListenersAboutPreLogRoll(oldPath, newPath);
        // NewPath could be equal to oldPath if replaceWriter fails.
        newPath = replaceWriter(oldPath, newPath, nextWriter);
        tellListenersAboutPostLogRoll(oldPath, newPath);
        if (LOG.isDebugEnabled()) {
          LOG.debug("Create new " + implClassName + " writer with pipeline: " +
            Arrays.toString(getPipeline()));
        }
        // Can we delete any of the old log files?
        if (getNumRolledLogFiles() > 0) {
          cleanOldLogs();
          regionsToFlush = findRegionsToForceFlush();
        }
      } catch (CommonFSUtils.StreamLacksCapabilityException exception) {
        // If the underlying FileSystem can't do what we ask, treat as IO failure so
        // we'll abort.
        throw new IOException(
            "Underlying FileSystem can't meet stream requirements. See RS log " + "for details.",
            exception);
      }
      return regionsToFlush;
    } finally {
      rollWriterLock.unlock();
    }
  }

  // public only until class moves to o.a.h.h.wal
  /** @return the size of log files in use */
  public long getLogFileSize() {
    return this.totalLogSize.get();
  }

  // public only until class moves to o.a.h.h.wal
  public void requestLogRoll() {
    requestLogRoll(false);
  }

  /**
   * Get the backing files associated with this WAL.
   * @return may be null if there are no files.
   */
  @VisibleForTesting
  FileStatus[] getFiles() throws IOException {
    return CommonFSUtils.listStatus(fs, walDir, ourFiles);
  }

  @Override
  public void shutdown() throws IOException {
    if (!shutdown.compareAndSet(false, true)) {
      return;
    }
    closed = true;
    // Tell our listeners that the log is closing
    if (!this.listeners.isEmpty()) {
      for (WALActionsListener i : this.listeners) {
        i.logCloseRequested();
      }
    }
    rollWriterLock.lock();
    try {
      doShutdown();
    } finally {
      rollWriterLock.unlock();
    }
  }

  @Override
  public void close() throws IOException {
    shutdown();
    final FileStatus[] files = getFiles();
    if (null != files && 0 != files.length) {
      for (FileStatus file : files) {
        Path p = getWALArchivePath(this.walArchiveDir, file.getPath());
        // Tell our listeners that a log is going to be archived.
        if (!this.listeners.isEmpty()) {
          for (WALActionsListener i : this.listeners) {
            i.preLogArchive(file.getPath(), p);
          }
        }

        if (!CommonFSUtils.renameAndSetModifyTime(fs, file.getPath(), p)) {
          throw new IOException("Unable to rename " + file.getPath() + " to " + p);
        }
        // Tell our listeners that a log was archived.
        if (!this.listeners.isEmpty()) {
          for (WALActionsListener i : this.listeners) {
            i.postLogArchive(file.getPath(), p);
          }
        }
      }
      LOG.debug(
        "Moved " + files.length + " WAL file(s) to " + CommonFSUtils.getPath(this.walArchiveDir));
    }
    LOG.info("Closed WAL: " + toString());
  }

  /**
   * updates the sequence number of a specific store. depending on the flag: replaces current seq
   * number if the given seq id is bigger, or even if it is lower than existing one
   */
  @Override
  public void updateStore(byte[] encodedRegionName, byte[] familyName, Long sequenceid,
      boolean onlyIfGreater) {
    sequenceIdAccounting.updateStore(encodedRegionName, familyName, sequenceid, onlyIfGreater);
  }

  protected final SyncFuture getSyncFuture(long sequence, boolean forceSync) {
    return cachedSyncFutures.get().reset(sequence).setForceSync(forceSync);
  }

  protected boolean isLogRollRequested() {
    return rollRequested.get();
  }

  protected final void requestLogRoll(boolean tooFewReplicas) {
    // If we have already requested a roll, don't do it again
    // And only set rollRequested to true when there is a registered listener
    if (!this.listeners.isEmpty() && rollRequested.compareAndSet(false, true)) {
      for (WALActionsListener i : this.listeners) {
        i.logRollRequested(tooFewReplicas);
      }
    }
  }

  long getUnflushedEntriesCount() {
    long highestSynced = this.highestSyncedTxid.get();
    long highestUnsynced = this.highestUnsyncedTxid;
    return highestSynced >= highestUnsynced ? 0 : highestUnsynced - highestSynced;
  }

  boolean isUnflushedEntries() {
    return getUnflushedEntriesCount() > 0;
  }

  /**
   * Exposed for testing only. Use to tricks like halt the ring buffer appending.
   */
  @VisibleForTesting
  protected void atHeadOfRingBufferEventHandlerAppend() {
    // Noop
  }

  protected final boolean appendEntry(W writer, FSWALEntry entry) throws IOException {
    // TODO: WORK ON MAKING THIS APPEND FASTER. DOING WAY TOO MUCH WORK WITH CPs, PBing, etc.
    atHeadOfRingBufferEventHandlerAppend();
    long start = EnvironmentEdgeManager.currentTime();
    byte[] encodedRegionName = entry.getKey().getEncodedRegionName();
    long regionSequenceId = entry.getKey().getSequenceId();

    // Edits are empty, there is nothing to append. Maybe empty when we are looking for a
    // region sequence id only, a region edit/sequence id that is not associated with an actual
    // edit. It has to go through all the rigmarole to be sure we have the right ordering.
    if (entry.getEdit().isEmpty()) {
      return false;
    }

    // Coprocessor hook.
    coprocessorHost.preWALWrite(entry.getRegionInfo(), entry.getKey(), entry.getEdit());
    if (!listeners.isEmpty()) {
      for (WALActionsListener i : listeners) {
        i.visitLogEntryBeforeWrite(entry.getKey(), entry.getEdit());
      }
    }
    doAppend(writer, entry);
    assert highestUnsyncedTxid < entry.getTxid();
    highestUnsyncedTxid = entry.getTxid();
    if (entry.isCloseRegion()) {
      // let's clean all the records of this region
      sequenceIdAccounting.onRegionClose(encodedRegionName);
    } else {
      sequenceIdAccounting.update(encodedRegionName, entry.getFamilyNames(), regionSequenceId,
        entry.isInMemStore());
    }
    coprocessorHost.postWALWrite(entry.getRegionInfo(), entry.getKey(), entry.getEdit());
    // Update metrics.
    postAppend(entry, EnvironmentEdgeManager.currentTime() - start);
    numEntries.incrementAndGet();
    return true;
  }

  private long postAppend(final Entry e, final long elapsedTime) throws IOException {
    long len = 0;
    if (!listeners.isEmpty()) {
      for (Cell cell : e.getEdit().getCells()) {
        len += PrivateCellUtil.estimatedSerializedSizeOf(cell);
      }
      for (WALActionsListener listener : listeners) {
        listener.postAppend(len, elapsedTime, e.getKey(), e.getEdit());
      }
    }
    return len;
  }

  protected final void postSync(final long timeInNanos, final int handlerSyncs) {
    if (timeInNanos > this.slowSyncNs) {
      String msg = new StringBuilder().append("Slow sync cost: ").append(timeInNanos / 1000000)
          .append(" ms, current pipeline: ").append(Arrays.toString(getPipeline())).toString();
      TraceUtil.addTimelineAnnotation(msg);
      LOG.info(msg);
    }
    if (!listeners.isEmpty()) {
      for (WALActionsListener listener : listeners) {
        listener.postSync(timeInNanos, handlerSyncs);
      }
    }
  }

  protected final long stampSequenceIdAndPublishToRingBuffer(RegionInfo hri, WALKeyImpl key,
    WALEdit edits, boolean inMemstore, RingBuffer<RingBufferTruck> ringBuffer)
    throws IOException {
    if (this.closed) {
      throw new IOException(
        "Cannot append; log is closed, regionName = " + hri.getRegionNameAsString());
    }
    MutableLong txidHolder = new MutableLong();
    MultiVersionConcurrencyControl.WriteEntry we = key.getMvcc().begin(() -> {
      txidHolder.setValue(ringBuffer.next());
    });
    long txid = txidHolder.longValue();
    ServerCall<?> rpcCall = RpcServer.getCurrentCall().filter(c -> c instanceof ServerCall)
      .filter(c -> c.getCellScanner() != null).map(c -> (ServerCall) c).orElse(null);
    try (TraceScope scope = TraceUtil.createTrace(implClassName + ".append")) {
      FSWALEntry entry = new FSWALEntry(txid, key, edits, hri, inMemstore, rpcCall);
      entry.stampRegionSequenceId(we);
      ringBuffer.get(txid).load(entry);
    } finally {
      ringBuffer.publish(txid);
    }
    return txid;
  }

  @Override
  public String toString() {
    return implClassName + " " + walFilePrefix + ":" + walFileSuffix + "(num " + filenum + ")";
  }

  /**
   * if the given {@code path} is being written currently, then return its length.
   * <p>
   * This is used by replication to prevent replicating unacked log entries. See
   * https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/HBASE-14004 for more details.
   */
  @Override
  public OptionalLong getLogFileSizeIfBeingWritten(Path path) {
    rollWriterLock.lock();
    try {
      Path currentPath = getOldPath();
      if (path.equals(currentPath)) {
        W writer = this.writer;
        return writer != null ? OptionalLong.of(writer.getLength()) : OptionalLong.empty();
      } else {
        return OptionalLong.empty();
      }
    } finally {
      rollWriterLock.unlock();
    }
  }

  @Override
  public long appendData(RegionInfo info, WALKeyImpl key, WALEdit edits) throws IOException {
    return append(info, key, edits, true);
  }

  @Override
  public long appendMarker(RegionInfo info, WALKeyImpl key, WALEdit edits)
    throws IOException {
    return append(info, key, edits, false);
  }

  /**
   * Append a set of edits to the WAL.
   * <p/>
   * The WAL is not flushed/sync'd after this transaction completes BUT on return this edit must
   * have its region edit/sequence id assigned else it messes up our unification of mvcc and
   * sequenceid. On return <code>key</code> will have the region edit/sequence id filled in.
   * <p/>
   * NOTE: This append, at a time that is usually after this call returns, starts an mvcc
   * transaction by calling 'begin' wherein which we assign this update a sequenceid. At assignment
   * time, we stamp all the passed in Cells inside WALEdit with their sequenceId. You must
   * 'complete' the transaction this mvcc transaction by calling
   * MultiVersionConcurrencyControl#complete(...) or a variant otherwise mvcc will get stuck. Do it
   * in the finally of a try/finally block within which this append lives and any subsequent
   * operations like sync or update of memstore, etc. Get the WriteEntry to pass mvcc out of the
   * passed in WALKey <code>walKey</code> parameter. Be warned that the WriteEntry is not
   * immediately available on return from this method. It WILL be available subsequent to a sync of
   * this append; otherwise, you will just have to wait on the WriteEntry to get filled in.
   * @param info the regioninfo associated with append
   * @param key Modified by this call; we add to it this edits region edit/sequence id.
   * @param edits Edits to append. MAY CONTAIN NO EDITS for case where we want to get an edit
   *          sequence id that is after all currently appended edits.
   * @param inMemstore Always true except for case where we are writing a region event meta
   *          marker edit, for example, a compaction completion record into the WAL or noting a
   *          Region Open event. In these cases the entry is just so we can finish an unfinished
   *          compaction after a crash when the new Server reads the WAL on recovery, etc. These
   *          transition event 'Markers' do not go via the memstore. When memstore is false,
   *          we presume a Marker event edit.
   * @return Returns a 'transaction id' and <code>key</code> will have the region edit/sequence id
   *         in it.
   */
  protected abstract long append(RegionInfo info, WALKeyImpl key, WALEdit edits, boolean inMemstore)
      throws IOException;

  protected abstract void doAppend(W writer, FSWALEntry entry) throws IOException;

  protected abstract W createWriterInstance(Path path)
      throws IOException, CommonFSUtils.StreamLacksCapabilityException;

  /**
   * Notice that you need to clear the {@link #rollRequested} flag in this method, as the new writer
   * will begin to work before returning from this method. If we clear the flag after returning from
   * this call, we may miss a roll request. The implementation class should choose a proper place to
   * clear the {@link #rollRequested} flag so we do not miss a roll request, typically before you
   * start writing to the new writer.
   */
  protected abstract void doReplaceWriter(Path oldPath, Path newPath, W nextWriter)
      throws IOException;

  protected abstract void doShutdown() throws IOException;

  protected abstract boolean doCheckLogLowReplication();

  public void checkLogLowReplication(long checkInterval) {
    long now = EnvironmentEdgeManager.currentTime();
    if (now - lastTimeCheckLowReplication < checkInterval) {
      return;
    }
    // Will return immediately if we are in the middle of a WAL log roll currently.
    if (!rollWriterLock.tryLock()) {
      return;
    }
    try {
      lastTimeCheckLowReplication = now;
      if (doCheckLogLowReplication()) {
        requestLogRoll(true);
      }
    } finally {
      rollWriterLock.unlock();
    }
  }

  /**
   * This method gets the pipeline for the current WAL.
   */
  @VisibleForTesting
  abstract DatanodeInfo[] getPipeline();

  /**
   * This method gets the datanode replication count for the current WAL.
   */
  @VisibleForTesting
  abstract int getLogReplication();

  private static void split(final Configuration conf, final Path p) throws IOException {
    FileSystem fs = FSUtils.getWALFileSystem(conf);
    if (!fs.exists(p)) {
      throw new FileNotFoundException(p.toString());
    }
    if (!fs.getFileStatus(p).isDirectory()) {
      throw new IOException(p + " is not a directory");
    }

    final Path baseDir = FSUtils.getWALRootDir(conf);
    Path archiveDir = new Path(baseDir, HConstants.HREGION_OLDLOGDIR_NAME);
    if (conf.getBoolean(AbstractFSWALProvider.SEPARATE_OLDLOGDIR,
      AbstractFSWALProvider.DEFAULT_SEPARATE_OLDLOGDIR)) {
      archiveDir = new Path(archiveDir, p.getName());
    }
    WALSplitter.split(baseDir, p, archiveDir, fs, conf, WALFactory.getInstance(conf));
  }

  private static void usage() {
    System.err.println("Usage: AbstractFSWAL <ARGS>");
    System.err.println("Arguments:");
    System.err.println(" --dump  Dump textual representation of passed one or more files");
    System.err.println("         For example: " +
      "AbstractFSWAL --dump hdfs://example.com:9000/hbase/WALs/MACHINE/LOGFILE");
    System.err.println(" --split Split the passed directory of WAL logs");
    System.err.println(
      "         For example: AbstractFSWAL --split hdfs://example.com:9000/hbase/WALs/DIR");
  }

  /**
   * Pass one or more log file names and it will either dump out a text version on
   * <code>stdout</code> or split the specified log files.
   */
  public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
    if (args.length < 2) {
      usage();
      System.exit(-1);
    }
    // either dump using the WALPrettyPrinter or split, depending on args
    if (args[0].compareTo("--dump") == 0) {
      WALPrettyPrinter.run(Arrays.copyOfRange(args, 1, args.length));
    } else if (args[0].compareTo("--perf") == 0) {
      LOG.error(HBaseMarkers.FATAL, "Please use the WALPerformanceEvaluation tool instead. i.e.:");
      LOG.error(HBaseMarkers.FATAL,
        "\thbase org.apache.hadoop.hbase.wal.WALPerformanceEvaluation --iterations " + args[1]);
      System.exit(-1);
    } else if (args[0].compareTo("--split") == 0) {
      Configuration conf = HBaseConfiguration.create();
      for (int i = 1; i < args.length; i++) {
        try {
          Path logPath = new Path(args[i]);
          FSUtils.setFsDefault(conf, logPath);
          split(conf, logPath);
        } catch (IOException t) {
          t.printStackTrace(System.err);
          System.exit(-1);
        }
      }
    } else {
      usage();
      System.exit(-1);
    }
  }
}